Furthermore, the coordination of disparate land use classification systems presents a formidable challenge 13. Research within the United States and the United Kingdom has shown that flexible and scalable land use classification systems exhibit greater rationality 16. Scholars have scrutinized the evolutionary trajectory of land use classification systems in the United States and the United Kingdom, and have assessed the challenges inherent in global land use classification systems 13. The evolution and underpinning motivations of land use classification systems are pivotal facets of scholarly investigation. Developed countries are the central focus in studies pertaining to national level classification systems 14, 15, whereas the exploration of such systems in developing nations remains limited. Predominant research endeavors are directed towards land use classification systems at the regional 10, 11 and global tiers 12, 13. Concurrently, remote sensing image analysis represents the principal technique for procuring land use data at regional and global scales 9. At the regional level (embraced by entities such as the European Union, North America, Africa, and Asia), and the global level (promulgated by the United States Geological Survey, the UNEP/FAO, among others), land use classification systems are comparatively scarcer 9. Presently, several nations, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, South Africa, and China, have instituted national land use classification systems for gathering land use data, employing two primary methodologies: sampling surveys and remote sensing image analysis 8. The existing land use classification systems include national, regional, and global scales 8. The academic realm has witnessed a burgeoning interest in land use classification systems. It is fundamentally pivotal and holds substantial significance to explore the evolution and dynamic mechanism of land use classification systems, such as improving the current classification system 8, refining policies governing land use 9, providing guidance for scientific land use methodologies 10, and facilitating sustainable exploitation of land resources 6, 7. With the changes in natural conditions, socio-economic conditions, and national policies, the land use classification system is constantly evolving. Land use classification, in essence, entails categorizing land types based on their current utilization status and inherent characteristics 4, ultimately aiming to discern the spatial compositional units of land utilization 5. , and it is the purposeful use and protection of land resources 2, 3. Land use pertains to the utilization of land by humans, either directly or indirectly, to fulfill their survival, developmental, and environmental prerequisites 1. To meet the needs of global village development, future land classification systems should strive to establish universal international standards. Moreover, land functions have evolved from single to comprehensive (3) The evolution of land use systems is primarily driven by national policies, socioeconomic development, and resource endowments, and in essence, it is constrained by the man-land relationship. The urban–rural land use relationships have transitioned from a state of "urban–rural separation" to "urban–rural coordination", and ultimately to "urban–rural integration". The findings reveal that: (1) The land use classification systems in China have undergone a three-stage evolution process, comprising an initial "exploration stage", followed by an "improvement stage", culminating in a "maturity stage" (2) The content and form of these systems exhibit distinct characteristics, marked by the refinement of construction land, stability in hierarchy, and an increase in the number of classifications. In this study, the evolution process of land use classification systems in China is analyzed, the characteristics of which in terms of content-form, the urban–rural land use relationship and land functionality are compared, and the evolution mechanism of which is evaluated. It is of great value to explore the evolution and dynamic mechanism of land use classification systems, such as improving the current classification system and providing guidance for scientific land use methodologies.
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